Check Tamil Nadu HSC Syllabus for all Subjects 2022

1. Asexual Reproduction – Introduction; Asexual reproduction – Modes;

1. Vegetative propagation; Sexual
2. Reproduction – Stages of Sexual Reproduction; Pre-fertilization

1. Fertilization – Events of fertilization; Formation of pollen tube;
2. Types of pollen tube entry – histology of style –transmission tissue; Syngamy; Triple fusion & Double Fertilization

1. Post-Fertilization Changes – Zygote formation &
2. Development of fruit; Endosperm and types;
3. Embryogenesis – development of dicot embryo; Seed (monocot vs dicot); Transformation of parts of a flower
4. Special modes of Reproduction – Apomixis, Types of apomixis; Polyembryony, Types (Simple and Adventive & True and False ) Causes; Parthenocarpy, Types and Applications & significance

1. Heredity and Variation – Heredity And Variation and A recent finding in genetics; Mendelian Inheritance –Laws;
2. Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Test cross, Trihybrid cross, Back cross & Test cross; Incomplete Dominance –Lethal Genes,
3. Interaction Of Genes- Intragenic & Intergenic; Polygenic Inheritance In Wheat(Kernel Colour) Pleiotropy-Pisum Sativum
4. Chromosomal basis of Inheritance – Chromosomal Theory Of Inheritance;
5. Comparison between gene and chromosomal behavior; Linkage And Crossing Over Eye color in Drosophila, Maize multiple allelism;
6. Recombination; Sex Determination In Plants Sphaerocarpos, Papaya, Maize; Mutation, types and Mutagenic agents, Significance of mutation;
7. Gene Mapping
8. Molecular Biology – Introduction to Molecular Biology;Central Dogma; Transcription; Regulation of Gene

expression

1. Principles Of Biotechnology – Introduction to biotechnology;
2. Historical perspective; Milestones –including fermentation, SCP, PTC, protoplast fusion, genome sequencing, evolutionary pattern (relationship between various plant species), plant genome projects, RNA i- Genome editing – CRISPR CAS -9;
3. Principles :Genetic Engineering (rDNA technology); Tools : Restriction endonuclease; DNA ligase and alkaline phosphatase; Vectors: Properties of vectors, Plasmid – PBR 322, Cosmid, Bacteriophage vector, Phagemid, BAC,YAC, Transposon as vector, Shuttle vector Recombinant DNA Technology – Introduction to recombination; Steps involved in RDT; Methods of genetransfer; Direct – electroporation, gene gun, liposome-mediated; Indirect – Agrobacterium-mediated genetransfer – Ti plasmid;
4. Screening for recombinants
5. Insertional inactivation-blue – white colony selection;
6. Antibiotic-resistant markers; Replica plating technique;
7. Molecular techniques – isolation of genetic material andgel electrophoresis; Southern blotting; northern blotting;PCR, western blotting, ELISA; Bioassay for target gene effect
8. Transgenic plants (GM crops) – Herbicide tolerant-
9. Glyphosate,Basta; Insect resistance – Bt crops(cotton)Bt cotton, Bt Brinjal, DMH;
10. Virus resistance; FlavrSavr tomato;
11. Golden rice – bio fortification ; PHB – PLA; Green
12. Fluorescent Protein(GFP), Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) in Transgenic Arabidopsis
13. Other applications – Biopharming – plant as bioreactors;
14. Bioprospecting, biopiracy (neem/turmeric);
15. Bioremediation; Biofuel, algal biofuel; Interdisciplinary fields of biotechnology;
16. IPR & patent
17. Biosafety and Bioethics – ethical legal social issues (ELSI)–genetic engineering appraisal committee (GEAC)
18. Plant Tissue Culture – Introduction about plant tissue culture and explaining terminologies like totipotency,differentiation, redifferentiation and dedifferentiation;
19. Basic technique involved in PTC; Media preparation; MS medium; Types of culture – callus, embryo, protoplast culture (hybrid and cybrid),
20. cell suspension culture –production of secondary metabolites; Plant regeneration pathway;
21. Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis;
22. Applications; Micro-propagation (banana) – Artificial seed,
23. Virus free plants; Germplasm conservation –
24. Cryopreservation (-196C)

1. Principles of Ecology – Introduction – Autecology, Synecology, Habitat and Ecological niche, Ecological equivalents, Biotic and Abiotic factors – responses of plants to temperature, water, light and soil, Topography, definition of stenothermal, stenohaline, eurythermal, euryhaline plants with one example in each;
2. Ecological adaptations – hydrophytes, mesophytes, xerophytes and halophytes and epiphytes in term of morphological, physiological and behavioural response;
3. Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation,parasitism, commensalism and amensalism with plant examples, Plant Animal Interaction-Herbivory, Pollination, seed dispersal –Co-evolution Ecosystem – Definition, types, structure (Pond ecosystem), brief outline about biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem, Major Ecosystem of India andWorld, ecosystem functions – Productivity (GPP & NPP), secondary productivity; Decomposition – fragmentation,leaching, catabolism, humification, mineralization, factors affecting rate of decomposition; Types of food chain & Food web (grazing, detritus food, trophic level ecological pyramids – energy numbers, biomass);
4. Definition of PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) – Energy flow – Laws of Thermodynamics, 10% law for transfer of energy from one trophic level to next- standing crop, standing state of ecosystem; Nutrient cycle – definition, biogeochemical cycle (carbon and phosphorouscycles only) – graphical representation of the above cycles;
5. Succession – definition, kinds of succession, hydrosere, lithosere, xerosere, primary & secondary with example; Definition of pioneer community and climax community;
6. Significance of ecological successionEnvironmental issues – Alien Invasive species – Impacts –(example -Kappaphycus, Eichhornia, Lantana, Parthenium, Prosopis etc.,);
7. agrochemicals and theireffects; greenhouse effect and global warming, climatechange, ozone depletion, Impact on food crops ,CCS – carbon – accumulation, trading, sequestration, Carbon footprint/Ecological footprint – deforestation –causes and effects , Afforestation , any one case study as success story addressing environmental issues;
8. Drone technologyto study vegetation and pest attacks; Forestry – Agro forestry – Social forestry – Community forestry – Conservation movements (CHIPKO & APIKO );
9. Rainwater harvesting – swachh Bharath, Important Lakes in TN (Madurantakam, Chembarabakkam, Sholavaram )- Philosophy, construction- Ecological importance; Sewage disposal – Solid and liquid waste management

1. Traditional Knowledge of plants – Relationship between Humans and plants;
2. Traditional system of medicines- Siddha and Ayurveda andFolk. Plant breeding – Strategies for enhancement of food production; Conventional methods -Plant breeding, Selection, Hybridization, Heterosis, Mutation, polyploidy, Green revolution; Modern methods – GM crops –definition and example, Improved varieties of commonly used plants (Rice, Wheat, Pulses,etc….)

1. REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISMS – Reproduction – characteristic features of all organisms, continuation of species – Modes of reproduction: Asexual and sexual – Modes of asexual reproduction: Binary and multiple fission – Sporulation – Budding – Gemmule –Fragmentation – Regeneration – Modes of sexual reproduction: External and internal fertilization -Oviparous, Ovoviviparous and Viviparous – examples HUMAN REPRODUCTION – Human reproductive system Male and Female reproductive system – Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis and oogenesis – Structure of Spermatozoa and ovum Fertilization and Implantation – Menstrual Cycle-Menstrual Hygiene – Napkins, Tampons – Cervical Cancer – Maintenance of Pregnancy – Pregnancy and Embryonic Development – Parturition and lactation – Hormones in parturition – lactation – Colostrum REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – The strategies to be implemented to attain total reproductive health – Statutory ban on gender Detection in Pregnancy – Amniocentesis, Ultra sound Scan,- Population explosion and birth control – Control Measures- Statutory rising of marriageable age – small families and family planning programme – Contraceptive methods – Natural barriers – Social Impact of Sex Ratio, Feticide and Infanticide – IUDs -Copper IUDs- Cu-7, CuT 380A, Multiload 375 and Hormonal releasing IUDs- Progestasert, LNG 20) – Oral Pills -Female contraceptive injections – Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA), norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN), combined progestin and estrogen monthly injections – Implants and surgical methods – Medical Termination of Pregnancy – The medical necessity and social consequences of MTP – Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) – The major STDs and its symptoms- AIDS – Hepatitis, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Genital Herpes, Genital warts, Trichomoniasis, Chlamydiasis. – Mode of Transmission – Preventive measures – Infertility – Methods used to assist infertile couple to have children– IVF-ET, ZIFT, GIFT, IUT, AI, ICSI – Surrogacy

1. HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASES – Common diseases in man: Infectious and non infectious diseases – Common diseases in Man-typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, ringworm infection – Diseases caused by protozoans- malaria, amoebiasis – Diseases caused by helminths- Ascariasis, filariasis. – Maintenance of personal and public hygiene. Immunity – Basic concepts of immunology- Innate immunity. Acquired immunity, – primary and secondary immune response;
2. cells of the immune system – Structure of antibody – Active and passive immunity– vaccination and Immunisation – Allergies -; Lymphoid organs in the body – Autoimmunity- Autoimmune disease Cancer and AIDS;
3. Adolescence and Drug / Alcohol abuse –Addiction and Dependence- Effects of drug-Drug / Alcohol abuse-Prevention and Control- Alcohol abuse- Depression – Mental Health

1. Meaning and Definition;
2. Features and limitations; Differences between incomplete records and double entry system;
3. Statement of Affairs Method: Steps to be followed;
4. Distinction between Statement of affairs and Balance Sheet;
5. Conversion method: Steps to be followed; Statement of affairs method; Conversion method

1. Introduction;
2. Receipts and Payments Account: Meaning, Format;
3. Income and Expenditure Account: Meaning, Format;
4. Distinction between Receipts and Payments A/c and Income and Expenditure A/c;
5. Balance Sheet;
6. Items peculiar to non-profit organisations which require special treatment

1. Partnership: Meaning and Features;
2. Features of Limited Liability Partnership;
3. Partnership deed;Relevant provisions of Indian Partnership Act 1932 inthe absence of partnership deed;
4. Types of Partners;Fixed/fluctuating capital accounts;
5. Interest oncapital and Interest on drawings;
6. Salary andcommission; Division of profits among partners; Profitand loss appropriation account

1. Goodwill: Meaning and nature;
2. Methods of valuationof Goodwill;
3. Average profit method; Super profitmethod;
4. Capitalisation method;
5. Need for valuation ofgoodwill in partnership

1. Introduction;
2. Sacrificing ratio and new profit sharing ratio;
3. Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities;
4. Adjustment for Goodwill; Accounting treatment ofreserves and accumulated profits;
5. Revaluationaccount, capital account and Balance Sheetof a new firm

1. Meaning and reasons for retirement;
2. Gaining ratioand new profit sharing ratio;
3. Revaluation of Assetsand Liabilities; Adjustment for Goodwill;
4. Accountingtreatment of distribution of reserves and accumulatedprofits;
5. Revaluation account, capital account andBalance Sheet after retirement

1. Meaning; New profit sharing ratio and gaining ratio;
2. Revaluation of Assets and liabilities; Adjustment for
3. goodwill; Distribution of accumulated profits and losses;
4. Amount due to deceased partner’s executor;
5. Settlement of amount due

1. Company: Definition and characteristics;
2. Characteristics of a Company; Different types of shares and share capital; Accounting treatment forissue of shares at par, Premium and discount; Oversubscription and under subscription of shares; Forfeitures and reissue of shares

1. Accounting Ratios: Meaning and Definition;
2. Objectives and importance; Advantages andlimitations;
3. Classification of Ratios on the basis offinancial statements and functions;
4. Computation of ratios

1. Application of computerized accounting system;
2. Automating the accounting system; Designing the accounting reports;
3. Data exchange with other information system

• Meaning and Definitions of Money; Kinds of Money;
• Functions of Money;
• Demand for Money;
• Supply of Money;
• Black Money and Demonetization ;
• Money Markets & Capital Markets :Treasury Bill Markets, Call MoneyMarkets, Mutual Funds, Stock Exchange (NSE, BSE andCSE), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI);
• Banks and Credit Instruments;
• Monetary Tools : BankRate, Open Market Operations, Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR),Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Repo Rate and ReverseRepo Rate, Selective Credit Control Measures, Cheapmoney policy and Dear money policy; Digital Transactions;Fiscal Policy : Meaning and Objectives, Budget:Components of Budget : Revenue Budget, Capital Budget,Budget Receipts; Revenue Receipts : Revenue Deficits,Capital Deficits, Fiscal Deficits and Budget Deficit, TaxRevenue : Direct Tax, Indirect Tax, Goods and Services Tax(GST); Non-Tax Revenue : Interest and dividend oninvestments, Fees, License Fee, Fines and penalties,Escheats; Capital Receipts : Borrowings, Recovery of loans,Other Receipts;
• Budget Expenditure : RevenueExpenditure, Capital Expenditure; Types of GovernmentBudget : Balanced Budget, Surplus Budget, Deficit Budget; Macroeconomic Policy : Meaning and Types of Inflation,Anti-inflationary measures, Deflation, Stagflation; MacroGoals: Full employment, Price Stability, Exchange rateStability, Balanced Economic Growth, Growth with socialJustice, Inclusive Growth

• Meaning of Environment and Development Functions;
• Definition of Sustainable Development;
• Types of Pollution :Air pollution, Water pollution, Noise pollution, Thermalpollution, Land pollution, Marine Pollution, Radioactiveelement; Land Degradation;
• Soil Degradation;
• Solid WasteManagement; E-waste ;
• Linkages of Environment withEconomy ;
• Significance to Environmental Valuation :Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), Hedonic PricingMethod, Travel cost Method, Production FunctionApproach, Cost-Benefit Analysis; Market Goods;
• Non-market Goods; Forest Resources :Direct use value : TimberHarvesting, Bird Watching and Hiking, Non-use value :Soil Stabilization, Climate Stabilization, Ground WaterStabilization;
• Water Resource Management: Kudimaramathumurai, Rain water harvesting, Recycling ofwaste water, Sprinkler Irrigation, Drip Irrigation, Groundwater recharge Shaft, Watershed management- CheckDams Percolation ponds; Integrated Farming System;
• Environmental awareness Programmes; Global Warming and Climate Change Challenges; Green initiatives in TamilNadu; Preservation of Biodiversity